Same hospital, same procedure — different price depending on who’s paying. Each payer’s median negotiated rate as a percent of Medicare, across every hospital × procedure cell where that payer publishes commercial rates. Spread is the typical same-procedure price ratio between this payer’s cheapest and most expensive hospitals (10th–90th percentile, median across procedures): a low median with a wide spread still overpays somewhere.
| Payer | Median vs. Medicare | Median | Spread (10th–90th) | Hospitals | Cells |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humana | 100% | 4.7× | 17 | 413 | |
| UnitedHealthcare | 264% | 4.4× | 72 | 3,478 | |
| Anthem BCBS | 281% | 2.5× | 75 | 3,769 | |
| Aetna | 302% | 4.5× | 64 | 2,639 | |
| Cigna | 331% | 3.2× | 68 | 3,005 | |
| Kaiser Permanente | 508% | 1.4× | 10 | 415 |